Slavery and Loomis Chaffee:
An Ethical History Project
Working Bibliography
Sources on Loomis, Chaffee, and Hayden Families and Households (Primary and Secondary)
1850 United States Census.
1850 United States Census Slave Schedule, https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions/1850_1.html.
Burton, Milby E. Hayden & Gregg, Jewellers of Charleston. Charleston: Charleston Museum, 1938.
Chaffee, William Henry. The Chaffee Genealogy. New York: The Grafton Press, 1909. https://archive.org/stream/chaffeegenealogy01chaf/chaffeegenealogy01chaf_djvu.txt.
Fowles, L.W. The Harvest of Our Lives: The History of the First Half-Century of The Loomis Institute. Windsor, CT: The Loomis Institute, 1964. https://issuu.com/loomischaffee/docs/the_harvest_of_our_lives_small.
Haskell, Jabez Hayden. Records of the Connecticut Line of the Hayden Family. Windsor Locks, CT: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co. Printer, 1888. #11 - Records of the Connecticut line of the Hayden family / by Jabez ... - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Hayden, Jabez Haskell. “Hezekiah Sidney Hayden.” in Yearbook of the Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, edited by Sons of the American Revolution, 651-2. New Haven: Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, 1900. https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ48AQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA651&dq=%22Hezekiah%20Sidney%20Hayden%22&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=%22Hezekiah%20Sidney%20Hayden%22&f=false.
Loomis and Chaffee Family Tree. Compiled May 2022.
No author. “HAYDEN, Hezekiah Sidney.” In The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume VI, 320. New York: James T. White & Company, 1896.
Parsons, Karen and John Ratté. Cherished Hopes and Honorable Ambition: A Centennial History of The Loomis Chaffee School. Windsor, CT: The Loomis Institute, 2014.
Parsons, Karen. “A Portrait of Nancy Toney.”A Portrait of Nancy Toney | Loomis Chaffee Archives June 2020.
Strahan, Derek. “Hezekiah Chaffee House, Windsor, Connecticut,” Lost New England. April 29, 2017. Website. Hezekiah Chaffee House, Windsor, Connecticut - Lost New England
Vida, Christina. “Nancy Toney’s Lifetime in Slavery.” Connecticuthistory.org. Nancy Toney's Lifetime in Slavery | Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project, 2016.
_____. “Remembering Sarah.” Remembering Sarah | Windsor Historical Society, 2011.
Way, William. History of the New England Society of Charleston, South Carolina for One Hundred Years, 1819-1919. Charleston: New England Society of Charleston, 1920. https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl00lcwayw/page/n7/mode/2up?q=Hayden&view=theater.
Primary Sources on/involving Enslaved People
Papers of South Carolina Historical Society.
Papers of Charleston County Public Library.
Papers of Margaretta Childs Archives at the Historic Charleston Foundation.
Papers of South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
Papers of Windsor Historical Society.
No author. Windsor, Connecticut First Congregational Church, Records, 1636-1932. Hartford: Connecticut State Library, 1933. https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/102446?availability=Family%20History%20Library
No author. "The Pastoral Records of the North Society of Windsor" In Windsor, Connecticut First Congregational Church, Records, 1636-1932. Hartford: Connecticut State Library, 1933. https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/102446?availability=Family%20History%20Library
No author. “Heads of Families at the First Census, Hartford County 1790.” https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1790/heads_of_families/connecticut/1790b-02.pdf.
Allen, Francis Olcott. The History of Enfield, Connecticut, Vol. III. Lancaster, PA: The Wickersham Printing Co., 1900. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015012933456.
Census of the City of Charleston, 1848, https://books.google.com/books?id=xCxNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Census of the City of Charleston, 1861, https://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/census/census.html.
Directory of the city of Charleston. 1852. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hn4hyb
Gregg, William. Essays on Domestic Industry, 1845 (writings of H S Hayden’s Charleston partner): https://www.google.com/books/edition/Essays_on_domestic_industry_or_an_enquir/H7tjAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0
Inhabitants of Windsor v. Inhabitants of Hartford, 2 Conn. 355 (1817), https://cite.case.law/conn/2/355/.
Smith, Judge Martin H. “Old Slave Days in Connecticut,” in The Connecticut Magazine, 1906, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064053570&view=1up&seq=129&skin=2021
General Background Sources (Secondary--Revolution to Reconstruction)
Astor, Aaron, and Thomas C. Buchanan, eds. Slavery: Interpreting American History. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2021.
Berry, Daina Ramey. The Price for Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation. Boston: Beacon Press, 2017.
Dain, Bruce. A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Emancipation. New York: Knopf, 2014.
Deyle, Steven. Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom.
Fredrickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/4f16c304k
Gutman, Herbert G. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976.
Holton, Woody. Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009.
Kendi, Ibram X., and Keisha N. Blain, eds. Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619-2019. New York: One World, 2021.
Johnson, Walter, ed. The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.
Johnson, Walter. “On Agency” Journal of Social History 37, no. 1 (Autumn 2003): 113-124. https://modernslavery.yale.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/on_agency_johnson_0.pdf
Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Jordan, Winthrop. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812, 2nd edition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
Miles, Tiya. All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley’s Sack, a Black Family Keepsake. New York: Random House, 2021.
Nash, Gary B. Race and Revolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990 and 2001.
Painter, Nell Irvin. “Soul Murder and Slavery: Toward a Fully Loaded Cost Accounting.” In U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays, edited by Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar, 125-146. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York: Norton, 2010.
Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982 and 2018.
Rothman, Joshua D. The Ledger and the Chain: How Domestic Slave Traders Shaped America. New York: Basic Books, 2021.
Stampp, Kenneth. The Peculiar Institution.
Williams, Heather Andrea. Help Me to Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Wong, Edlie L. Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel. New York: NYU Press, 2009.
Sources on Slavery, New England, and Anti-Black Racism (Secondary)
Adams, Catherine, and Elizabeth H. Pleck. Love of Freedom: Black Women and Colonial and Revolutionary New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Beeching, Barbara J., "African Americans and Native Americans in Hartford 1636-1800: Antecedents of Hartford’s Nineteenth Century Black Community" (1993). Hartford Studies Collection: Papers by Students and Faculty. 7. November 29, 1993. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/hartford_papers/7
Bynum, Tara. "Cesar Lyndon’s Lists, Letters, and a Pig Roast: A Sundry Account Book." Early American Literature 53, no. 3 (2018): 839-49. Accessed July 6, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025281.
Carretta, Vincent. "Dreadful Acts of Liberty." The Eighteenth Century 56, no. 4 (2015): 517-20. Accessed July 6, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44730005.
Clark-Pujara, Christy. Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island. New York: NYU Press, 2016.
Covart, Liz. Episode 83: “Jared Hardesty, Unfreedom: Slavery in Colonial Boston.” Ben Franklin’s World. Podcast, website, 40:11. Episode 083: Jared Hardesty, Unfreedom: Slavery in Colonial Boston - Ben Franklin's World (benfranklinsworld.com).
Dunbar, Erica A. A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
Farrow, Anne. The Logbooks: Connecticut’s Slave Ships and Human Memory. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2014.
Greene, Lorenzo J. The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620-1776. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.49015000060286
Hardesty, Jared R. Unfreedom: Slavery and Dependence in Eighteenth-Century Boston. New York: NYU Press, 2016.
Hardesty, Jared R. Black Lives, Native Lands, White Worlds: A History of Slavery in New England. Amherst and Boston: Bright Leaf, 2019.
Litwack, Leon. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02337
Melish, Joanne Pope. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780-1860. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2016.
Menschel, David. “Abolition without Deliverance: The Law of Connecticut Slavery, 1784-1848.” The Yale Law Journal 111, no. 1 (October 2001): 183-222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/797518.
Miles, Tiya, "Packed Socks and Pieced Quilts: Sampling Slavery's Vast Materials," Winterthur Portfolio, Volume 54, Number 4 (Winter 2020): 205-222.
Nash, Gary. Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America. (1974; repr. Englewood, N.J., 1992).
Pierson, William P. Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.
Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. The Etymology of N****r: Resistance, Language, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North. Journal of the Early Republic 36, no. 2 (2016): 203-45. Accessed July 5, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jearlyrepublic.36.2.203.
“Research Guide to Materials Relating to Slavery in Connecticut.” Museum of Connecticut History. Website. Research Guide to Materials Relating to Slavery in Connecticut (museumofcthistory.org).
Singleton, Kyera. “The Enduring Legacy of Slavery and Racism in the North” Talk given at theRadcliffe Institute. November 12, 2020. Kyera Singleton | The Enduring Legacy of Slavery and Racism in the North || Radcliffe Institute - Bing video and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfohQVAiaP0.
----- Bradford Symposium 2021, Duxbury Rural & Historical Society Duxbury, MA, April 13, 2021. Kyera Singleton (Royall House & Slave Quarters), Bradford Symposium 2021 - Bing video
____ “Northern Slavery and the Preservation of Memory,” Keynotes of Change. Connecticut League of History Organizations, June 16, 2021. Keynotes of Change: Kyera Singleton, Northern Slavery and the Preservation of Memory (16 June 2021) - Bing video
Uncovering Their History: African, African-American and Native-American Burials in Hartford’s Ancient Burying Ground, 1640-1815. Website. Welcome - Uncovering Their History (africannativeburialsct.org)
"Slaves in New England." Medford Historical Society & Museum. https://www.medfordhistorical.org/medford-history/africa-to-medford/slaves-in-new-england/
Warren, Wendy. New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, a division of W.W. Norton & Company, 2016.
Zilversmit, Alfred. The First Emancipation.
Sources on Slavery, South Carolina, and Anti-Black Racism (Secondary)
Bailey, Anne. The Weeping Time: Memory and the Largest Slave Auction in American History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Burton, E. Milby. South Carolina Silversmiths, 1690-1860. Charleston: The Charleston Museum, 1968.
Chapman, Anne W. "Inadequacies of the 1848 Charleston Census." The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 81, no. 1 (1980): 24-34. Accessed August 9, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27567599.
Corey A. H. Sattesa, Jon Bernard Marcoux, Sarah E. Plattc, Martha Zierden and Ronald W. Anthony. “Preliminary Identification of African-Style Rouletted Colonoware in the Colonial South Carolina Lowcountry.” Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology & Heritage. 9, no. 1 (2020): 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2020.1840837.
Crooks, Daniel, J, Jr. Charleston is Burning!: Two Centuries of Fire and Flames. Charleston: History Press, 2019.
Curran, Francis M. “‘The Magic Wand of the Manufacturer:’ William Gregg, Graniteville, and Social Reform in the Antebellum South.” The South Carolina Historical Magazine 119, no. 2 (2018): 76–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45386411
Downey, Tom. “Riparian Rights and Manufacturing in Antebellum South Carolina: William Gregg and the Origins of the ‘Industrial Mind.’” Journal of Southern History 65, no. 1 (Feb. 1999): 77-108. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587732
Downey, Tom. Planting a Capitalist South: Masters, Merchants, and Manufacturers in the Southern Interior, 1790-1860. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2006.
Drago, Edmund Lee, ed. Broke By the War: Letters of a Slave Trader. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2010.
Edgar, Walter. South Carolina: A History. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1998.
Emmons, Karen and Katherine Pemberton, “Researching Charleston Historic Structures: Publications and Websites.” Historic Charleston Foundation. Accessed July 2022. https://www.historiccharleston.org/assets/pdf/research/Bibliography_ResearchingCharlestonStructures_Revised2017.pdf.
Fraser, Walter J. Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989.
Gershon, Livia. “This Rare Copper Badge Tells a Story of Slavery in 19th-Century Charleston.” Smithsonian Magazine. June 24, 2021. Rare 'Slave Badge' Found at College of Charleston | Smart News | Smithsonian Magazine
Greene, Harlan, and Harry S. Hutchins, Jr. and Brian E. Hutchins. Slave Badges and the Slave-Hire System in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783-1865. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2004.
Greene, Harlan. “The President’s House: Bishop Robert Smith House.” College of Charleston: Discovering Our Past, accessed July 15, 2022, https://discovering.cofc.edu/items/show/3#:~:text=The%20oldest%20building%20on%20the%20College%20of%20Charleston,the%20College%E2%80%99s%20first%20president%20over%20200%20years%20ago..
Haney, Gina. “Understanding Antebellum Charleston’s Backlots Through Light, Sound, and Action.” In Slavery and the City: Architecture and Landscapes of Urban Slavery in North America, edited by Clifton Ellis and Rebecca Ginsburg, 87-105. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017.
—----. “The Embedded Landscapes of the Charleston Single House, 1780-1820.” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture , 1997, Vol. 7, Exploring Everyday Landscapes (1997): 41-57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514384.
Herman, Bernard. “Slave and Servant Housing in Charleston, 1770-1820.” Historical Archaeology. Vol. 33, No. 3, Charleston in the Context of Trans-Atlantic Culture (1999): 88-101.
Hudgins, Carter. “Backcountry and Lowcountry: Perspectives on Charleston in the Context of Trans-Atlantic Culture, 1750-1850.” Historical Archaeology. 1999, Vol. 33, No. 3, Charleston in the Context of Trans-Atlantic Culture (1999): 102-107. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25616728.
Johnson, Michael P. “Planters and Patriarchy: Charleston, 1800-1860.” Journal of Southern History 46, no. 1 (Feb. 1980): 45-72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2207757
Jones, Norrece T. Born a Child of Freedom, Yet a Slave: Mechanisms of Control and Strategies of Resistance in Antebellum South Carolina. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1990.
Kelly, Joseph. America’s Longest Siege: Charleston, Slavery, and the Slow March Toward Civil War. New York: Overlook Press, 2013.
Kennedy, Cynthia. Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston’s Urban Slave Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9082.
Lander, Ernest McPherson. The Textile Industry in Antebellum South Carolina. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1969.
Martin, Thomas P. “The Advent of William Gregg and the Graniteville Company.” The Journal of Southern History 11, no. 3 (August 1945): 389-423. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197814.
McCurry, Stephanie. Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
McInnis, Maurie. The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
Morgan, Kenneth. "Slave Sales in Colonial Charleston." The English Historical Review 113, no. 453 (1998): 905-27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/578661.
Myers, Amrita Chakrabarti. Forging Freedom: Black Women and the Pursuit of Liberty in Antebellum Charleston. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2011. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=365244&site=ehost-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_Cover
Pearson, Edward A. Designs against Charleston: The Trial Record of the Denmark Vesey Slave Conspiracy of 1822. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1999.
Powers, Bernard E. Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822-1885. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994.
Sinha, Manisha. The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
South Carolina Hall of Fame, “William Gregg,” accessed February 24, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Hl0E5UGNwY&t=4s.
Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
Trinkley, Michael and Nicole Southerland, Debi Hacker, and the Chicora Foundation. The Silence of the Dead: Giving Charleston Cemeteries a Voice. Columbia, SC: Chicora Foundation, 2010, https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/handle/10827/34395.
Wade, Richard C. Slavery in the Cities: The South 1820-1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
West, Emly. “Enslaved Women in Charleston and Savannah.” Enslaved Women in Charleston and Savannah · Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative (cofc.edu), published December 2020. Accessed July 13, 2022.
Williams, Jack Kenny. Vogues in Villainy: Crime and Retribution in Antebellum South Carolina. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1959.
Worthington, Leah, Rachel Clare Donaldson and John W. White, eds. Challenging History: Race, Equity, and the Practice of Public History. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2021. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=2677708&site=eds-liv.
Other Sources
Ancestry.com Genealogy, Family Trees and Family History Records online - Ancestry®
Covart, Liz. Episode 173: “Marisa Fuentes, Colonial Port Cities and Slavery.” Ben Franklin’s World. Podcast, website, 54:22. Episode 173: Marisa Fuentes, Colonial Port Cities and Slavery - Ben Franklin's World (benfranklinsworld.com)
Farge, Arlette. The Allure of the Archives. Translated by Thomas Scott-Railton. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
Fuentes, Marisa J. Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
Grafton, Anthony, and Daniel Rosenberg. Cartographies of Time. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.
Hartman, Saidiya. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Herndon, Ruth Wallis. Unwelcome Americans: Living on the Margin in Early New England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. excerpt
Hermes, Dr. Katherine, “Researching Hartford’s Early Black and Native Communities: A Workshopwith Dr. Katherine Hermes.” pdf. UncoveringYourHistory (africannativeburialsct.org)
Laite, Julia. “The Emmet’s Inch: Small History in a Digital Age.” Journal of Social History 53, no. 4 (2020): 963-989. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shy118.
Newell, Margaret Ellen. "“Davids Warre”: The Pequot War and the Origins of Slavery in New England." In Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery, 17-42. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2015. Accessed July 7, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt20fw5zj.6.
Rothman, Adam, and Elsa Barraza Mendoza, eds. Facing Georgetown’s History: A Reader on Slavery, Memory, and Reconciliation. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2021.
Sharpe, Christina. In the Wake: On Blackness and Being. Durham: Duke University Press, 2016.
Simmons, LaKisha Michelle. “Black Feminist Theories of Motherhood and Generation: Histories of Black Infant and Child Loss in the United States.” Signs 46, no. 2 (Winter 2021): 311-335. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/710805.
Stiles, Henry R. The History of Ancient Windsor, Connecticut. Hartford: Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company, 1891. https://archive.org/details/historygenealogi01stil
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
Additional Websites
https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/database
http://avery.cofc.edu/archives/
https://digitalhumanities.fairfield.edu/slavery/
http://www.columbia.edu/~haf2126/sources.html
https://witnessstonesproject.org/
https://slavery.virginia.edu/universities-studying-slavery/
Uncovering Their History (africannativeburialsct.org)
https://www.law.uconn.edu/calendar/event/2016/10/10/history-slavery-and-race-south-carolina#
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=904zAQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA18&hl=en
http://www.masshist.org/teaching-history/loc-slavery/essay.php?entry_id=504
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1641.html
http://www.fairfieldhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/SlaveryTimeline_CT-1.pdf
https://lowcountryafricana.com/research-library/
https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/hundley/hundley.html
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nc01.ark:/13960/t6qz92255&view=1up&seq=8
https://connecticuthistory.org/jackson-v-bulloch-and-the-end-of-slavery-in-connecticut/
https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Citizens%20All%20Doc2.pdf
http://cmi2.yale.edu/citizens_all/stories/module3/documents/pdfs/mod_3_digging_deeper.pdf
https://userpages.umbc.edu/~bouton/History407/SlaveStats.htm
http://www.fairfieldhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/SlaveryTimeline_CT-1.pdf
https://www.nps.gov/articles/connecticut-abolitionists.htm
http://www.fortunestory.org/resources/timeline.asp
https://collegehillarsenal.com/hayden-whilden-charleston-sc-marked-shotgun
274 Calhoun Street - Home of William Gregg - Charleston County (rootsandrecall.com)
https://www.tonimorrisonsociety.org/bench.html
https://www.rerumromanarum.com/2020/02/mappa-di-charleston-1849.html
Gregg-Graniteville Archives at the Gregg-Graniteville Library at the University of South Carolina at Aiken. https://library.usca.edu/c.php?g=499444&p=3420025 and Finding aid.
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/southerncharitiesproject/database/state/southcarolina/
https://history.rutgers.edu/docman-docs/graduate/reading-lists/1310-atlantic-diaspora-list/file
https://harvardhgsa.wordpress.com/general-exams-lists/
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jlepore/files/Early%20American%20Reading%20List%202010.pdf
https://history.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/202/2017/05/prelim_africanamerican.pdf
https://twitter.com/clintsmithiii/status/1405178998276210691?s=11